Musical lyrics and writing inspired by music should be studied as literature

Musical lyrics and writing inspired by music should be studied as literature. This is because just like literature music is designed either fictionally or factually. It also incorporates symbolisms, themes and many more that has connections with literature. Artists who are musically inclined also uses feelings and present events to guide them in writing musical composition. From here one can say that music and literature intertwines. The emotion of the composer is reflected on his craft just like writers and poets on the aspect of literature. The most common literature bodies that can be linked directly to musical lyrics are those of poetry.This is because just like poems, music has rhymes and intonations and often reflects an ideology from the artist. It also exposes something that is timely depending on the current events. There are musical writings that imply radical thoughts during war and there are musical lyrics that give a romantic notion for composer who are in love. Both mus ical lyrics and literature serves as an inspiration to many people. Lyrics should be studied as a literature to easily grasp the message and at the same time find out if the piece is based on fiction or fact.

Case Study of “Sterling Marking Products Inc Essay

Coming into my role in 1986 to oversee the international marketing, Sterling had begun exporting sub-assemblies to the U.K. Sterling is now utilizing Julius Blumberg to expand sales into the US. Our sales within both markets are currently not living up to what the International Marketing Committee believes to be our true potential. Regarding sales within the US, Sterling needs to leverage the knowledge and information gained from doing business through Julius Blumberg to establish a direct line of sales within the country. Simply being in a catalog of another company is not meeting expectations. We need to leverage the aggressive, direct sales methods we saw succeed; given that Blumberg does not feel comfortable with this line of marketing, we should look to establish a subsidiary within the country to gain direct oversight over the operations. With close proximity of major urban centers to our Canadian offices, I feel that this can be accomplished with minimal risk. Noting that the increase in lawyers and incorporations year over year is 10x that of Canada the possible returns outweigh the overall risk involved in seeking a more direct expansion into the US market. Looking at the current environment in the UK, I see a different situation and path. The UK represents Sterling’s best potential market in Europe given its legal requirements for seals and its 2.5x yearly increase in lawyers and incorporations compared to Canada. Unfortunately, with a VAT of 15%, manufacturing within the UK will decrease overall margins. Continuing to manufacturer within Canada at our current facilities will alleviate the VAT and only subject us to the 4.7% tariff. We will also be able to forgo any additional manufacturing facility costs, or at least delay them until we have significant market penetration. I recommend, that we approach a direct partnership with one of the three smaller agents in the UK market; either Jordan, Davis, or London Law. In our approach to potential partners, we should leverage our ability to enter the market ourselves and push them out of the market in our contract negotiations. I would recommend that we do not approach Bolson’s as we will gain more leverage on the lesser three since they would have more to lose by another major producer entering the market (ie they get pushed out of the market completely). This partnership will allow us entry into the UK at minimal overhead costs and put us in a scenario where we can drive how our product is positioned and marketed while leveraging the local market understanding and knowledge of the partnering  company. Currently, we have been approached by representatives in additional countries. I highly recommend that before we move into another international market we strengthen our approach and sales penetration in the US and UK. Once successful, I believe that we should begin working towards penetration in the Japanese market. With 82,000+ lawyers and a similar GNP per capita to Canada and the US, Japan may represent our next best opportunity to expand internationally.

Benefits of ICT in Education and Classroom Management

Benefits of ICT in Education and Classroom Management ICT has so many advantages in the learning and teaching process. Classroom management is one of them that gained benefits from ICT. According to experienced teachers who use ICT in their classrooms that ICT may make the classroom controlling more effortless because ICT provides materials that make the class more interesting and easy to control (Cox and Webb, 2004). The existence of several sorts of ICT tools gives the class other support of learning especially in terms of visual and auditory learning. Thus the definition of classroom management â€Å"Content management occurs when teachers manage space, materials, equipment, the movement of people, and lessons that are part of a curriculum or program of studies† (Froyen they have ‘eyes in the back of their heads’ so are able to pay attention to several things at the same time; Letting pupils know what behavior is expected of them at any given point in time; Smoothness: teachers are able to guide pupil behavior v erbally or non- verbally without having to interrupt teaching; Maintaining group focus and interest.† Leask and Pachler(2005:44) ICT is beneficial for teachers too, to discipline student’s deportments in the class. In â€Å"withitness† teachers never are busy with other things in the class while answering a question or other activities (Leask and Pachler, 2005). They should pay their attention to students behaviour even they observe them out of the corner of their eye, it will be good. In addition, students know what they are going to do next time. Finally, in â€Å"smoothness† teachers use efficient techniques that guide students in a way, which does not lead to a noisy atmosphere in the class, but without interrupting teaching process. ICT and Motivation: The British educational communications and technology agency (Becta, 2003) has a research about ICT and motivation, which reports that regular use of ICT across various curriculum subjects, may have a u seful motivational impact on students learning (cited in Cox, 1997). It is clear that students stand more time in front of their tasks by using ICT like computer than other methods such as: classic method, which was manual, which is manual. ICT may solve discipline problems and decrease them. Moreover, students who used ICT for educational reasons in school feel more successful were more motivated to learn and have raised self-confidence and self-esteem (cited in Software and information industry association 2000). For example, while writing a paragraph by hand there is no grammar check to correct mistakes, but while ICT programs such as Microsoft Office word, which will detect most of the spelling and grammar mistakes. This process will encourage and motivate students certainly. Leask and Pachler, 2005 refer that the impaCT2 project evaluated the motivation of students through 15 case studies in their books. Researchers found that ICT not only encourages students to become more con centrated on the task. ICT also was seen by some teachers to improve both the competency and cognitive functioning (Cited in Comber et al., 2002, p. 9).

The assignment for this week is to answer the the following questions

The for this week is to answer the the following questions from the textbook - Assignment Example It allows both the partners to gain maximum benefits creating a win-win situation for them. As the term implies, partnering is beneficial for both parties involved. The main objective of partnering is to improve quality of the business. It results in the betterment of important areas such as manufacturing process, the products itself, relation between the consumers and suppliers and in turn the customer contentment. Together these things increase the effectiveness of the business. A perfect example of the disadvantage of not having a partnering is the green Volvo case. Volvo manufactured a lot of green cars which could not gain the public interest and had almost no sales. To quickly sell this model, the marketing and sales departments started heavy promotions such as large discounts and rebates. What they did not do was to inform their suppliers of the case. So when the Volvo suppliers saw the green cars sell at such a speed, they doubled the manufacturing of the green cars. The result was loss of a lot of money and resources. We can say that partnering removes the invisib le wall that exists between the manufacturer and customer and the supplier and manufacturer. Some of the advantages also include reduced costs and increased speed of the whole working process. Nowadays people avoid going into the manufacturing business alone. Most companies tend to partner with their suppliers in order to form a mutually valuable working relation. Rick Hughes, the chief purchasing officer of P&G, a consumer goods company, talked about their strong regard for partnering with suppliers ‘We expect the best from our business partners, and we are focused on growing long-term relationships that are sustainable, innovative and create joint value’(Jusko, 2011). There are however some requirements that should be met by a supplier to be able to partnering. In order to form a successful supplier partnering, the supplier personnel should interact with the

The Bruce Tuckman Model Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Bruce Tuckman Model - Coursework Example She does not appear to have any interest in the workplace and she finds her work boring and therefore, she may come late to the office. Nevertheless, upon finding her work interesting, she takes to the next level of performance as noted in the case description. Still, the management has to give her more responsibility so that she can consider herself a valued member of the crew. For starters, the organization needs to make her a team-leader and ask her to be on time because now she will have a set of subordinates whom would look up to her for deriving inspiration (Salas, Rosen, & King, 2007). The female is a competent worker and one she will have a lot of responsibility under her belt then her behavior will get matured over time. Workers whom are trying to get away with laziness are of the view that they are equally important for the organization as her but they are apparently not so the management has to clarify by taking stiff action that not everyone is going to be tolerated with unacceptable work behaviors. Additionally, the champ has to be disciplined if her behavior does not improve in parallel to the increase in terms of her authority in the organization and then she will have to be put into progressive disciplinary action. On the other hand, my personal feelings are irrelevant regarding achieving an effective resolve of the situation. I personally feel that blessing her with adequate level of power in the company will have the ability to strait her abilities in a better way. The model of Tuckman is no doubt an important tool used for team building but the current problem is attached with trouble in normalizing the performance (Tuckman & Jensen, 1977). However, in order to correct the flaw, management has to step back and conduct a storming session in the headship of a troubled employee so that she can significantly contribute towards assigning roles and responsibilities to those who intend to serve under her. Conclusively, the proposed

Us formative history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Us formative history - Essay Example They are document 1, document 2, document 3, and essay on the New World of Indians. Document 1 is a myth by Iroquois explaining the world’s beginning. The myth illustrates that the world never existed in the beginning, not even the land, the creatures, or the men. However, there was only the ocean that occupied entire space and the great air void above ocean surface. Document 2 illustrates the 1448 historic events of the battles between the Portuguese and the West Africans. The Portuguese directed their voyage to Cape Verder where two Guineas were captured in the past. On reaching the shore the Portuguese found a village with houses and men willing to defend it. Alvaro Fernandez killed the leader of the village, and the Guineas stopped fighting on realizing that their leader is dead (Jones 107). Document 3 explains the 1493 encounter of Christopher Columbus with the Native People. Christopher Columbus passed by Indies, using the fleet given by the King and the Queen, and saw several islands with many inhabitants. The inhabitants walk around naked; save for some women who cover their private parts with a plant leaf or some specially made cotton material (Morison 55). The essay explains the New World of the Indians. Even though the encounter of the Americas by the Europeans led to major effects in the Indian society; the indigenous people had inhabited the Americas for approximately millennia. The New World was experienced when the Indians encountered the Africans and the European, in the Virginia and also the California. The contact brought vast changes to the Indians society (Johnson 24). Document 1 describes the world origin myth. The sea had fish and deep sea creatures. The birds lived in the air, and the sky world had a man and his pregnant wife. The wife fell through a hole in the sky and landed on the back of the huge sea turtle. The woman gave birth to a daughter, who on reaching maturity bore quarrelsome twins. Right handed twin

Native Americans and US Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Native Americans and US - Term Paper Example This paper illustrates that like the African Americans, the American natives were black. When the African slaves escaped from the European colonist, the American natives would hide them. In the year 1622, Native Americans overruled the European colonialist in James town. They killed the Europeans and took the slaves captives. They gradually integrated them into their society, and the interracial relationship started to develop between African Americans and the American natives. Colonists in the fear of mixed African native and American race due to the runaways passed a law to penalize anyone bringing slaves into their communities. In the year, 1726 the British governor signed a contract with American natives to bring back the slaves but, they did not comply despite the agreement. They continued to provide refuge to the African American. They were reported to have killed whites in the protection of the African Americans. Runaway slaves were adopted into the tribe and intermarried. The Native American system of adoption was not discriminative in terms of color. Native Americans sometimes became enslaved together with the African Americans. Africans and Native Americans often worked together, lived together, and had collective food recipes, herbal medicines, shared myths, and legends. Though some Native Americans resented these African slaves like in 1752, Catawba discriminated them. Interracial marriages still increased some tribes became divided because of the intermarriage between the white men and their women increased. European cultures become adopted as well as the racial discrimination.

Measuring the releationship between employees and patients Essay

Measuring the releationship between employees and patients satisfaction - Essay Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2. Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3. Significance of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4. Theoretical Framework of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5. Scope and Delimitation of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.6. DEFINITION OF TERMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. RELATED LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.1. Satisfaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2. Customer Satisfaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3. Customer Satisfaction and Strategic management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4. Sociality and Customer Satisfaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.5. Staff Training and Customer Satisfaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.6. Surveys and Scales for Quality Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.7. Customer Focused Organizational Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.8. Stress and Improving Employee and Customer Satisfaction. . . . . . 22 2.9. Human Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.10. Latest Developments in Health Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.11. Team work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3..METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... The results revealed that the percentage level of the employees satisfaction is 66 with a category of slightly satisfied. The percentage level of inpatient satisfaction is 92 with a category of very satisfied. The percentage level of outpatient satisfaction is 88 with acategory of satisfied. On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between employee and patient satisfaction at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre. There was a very small positive correlation between the employee satisfaction and patient satisfaction. Traditionally, satisfaction, contentment, pleasure, or happiness diverges from person to person, from company to company. Employers however, constantly assess the degree of satisfaction among their clients for advancement, growth, productivity, and maintenance of a market share.

Final take home exam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final take home exam - Term Paper Example Hence, the quality of interaction has improved to a great level. This eventful journey of social media development is marked by several milestones. I will be highlighting 5 of the most key moments in the history of social media. In my opinion, the first one is obviously the development of e-mail. E-mail is probably the first form of digital message. The next one is development of Genie, which was an online forum that led the foundation of social media. I believe the third milestone was a major shift in terms of development (Freeman, 2010). It came in the form of world’s first social platform where users actually got the opportunity to get in touch with their loved ones. The website was known to as classmates.com. The emergence of Friendster, improved and modern social media platform is the next big thing to have happened. The craze was such that within the first month of its launch, around 3 million people joined in. The last major breakthrough came in the form of modern day n etworking platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. These networks support online transfer of various types of file and has actually taken communication to the next level. The journey of social media has been an eventful one and it is expected that with a similar rate of development, soon human being will experience a new world through the eyes of social networking platforms. Properties of social media Social media is referred to as a virtual network or community where users gather to communicate among themselves and at the same time create and exchange information about the various topics. Therefore from the above findings I can conclude that social media acts as a mediator between the users. Some of the key properties of social media are quality, reach, frequency, accessibility, usability, immediacy, and permanence. I believe these aforementioned properties create disparities among the different social media forms and are the reason that leads to various types of social media (Kietzmann, Hermkens, McCarthy & Silvestre, 2011). For example, due to differences in the features we come across two terms, namely social media and industrial media. The major difference between social and industrial media is that industrial media is more expensive. It includes television, newspapers and films. In my opinion, it is important to distinguish different forms of media because without distinction new forms will never emerge and can even act as a hindrance. In the context of the difference between the new forms of media with rational forms is its ability to go viral. Due to the presence of a million of registered users a small issue can go viral through social media. Types of social media As seen above, social media has various features that allow users to accomplish crucial tasks. However, when a discussion about social media is going on, it is a necessity to underline the different types of social media present in the virtual world. From my personal experience as well as consultation of the textbooks, I have found there are 6 different types of social media namely collaborative projects, blogs and micro-blogs, content communities, social networking sites, virtual game worlds, and virtual social worlds (Gillgian, 2011). According to me, all of the aforementioned types of social media has their own significance and can be described as unique,

MOHG3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MOHG3 - Essay Example The Group, integrated in Bermuda, has its headquarters in Hong Kong. The mission of the Group lies in facilitating customers through the services provided to them. The Group is dedicated towards delivering excellent services through involvement of employees in the process of development of the hotel organisation. The Group emphasises on creating a congenial climate for the employees to facilitate them to perform their activities in an orderly manner. The Group is responsible in focusing their routine works through group activities, inculcating a strong believe amid one another along with contributing towards ensuring effective productivity which would enable the Group to gain reputed success in the competitive market (Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group, 2011). VRIN Model Analysis The VRIN Model Analysis is the framework which is adopted on the basis of Resource-based View (RBV). RBV emphasises on theories related to determining competitive advantages of an organisation as well as formulat ing a connection between internal features and competitive advantages of an organisation. The VRIN framework comprises four elements such as valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable along with non-substitutable. These are the resources which are comprehensively used by an organisation in ascertaining their position in a competitive scenario (Talaja, 2012). In this regard, it can be observed that ’valuable’ stands for resources that are used by an organisation for designing strategies which would enable it to develop its effectiveness and efficiency. In this context, it can be stated that the valuable resources are to be taken into account for implementation of strategies in the organisational culture as well in the environment where the organisation eventually functions. Similarly, rare signifies uniqueness. Contextually, it can be stated that resources are required to be unique enough for enabling an organisation to gain greater competitive advantages as compared to the c ompetitors in the market. In reference to the competitors, it can also be stated the competitors generally do not maintain a particular strategy to compete in the market for its sustainability. Thus, it does provide a vivid picture regarding whether or not the valuable and rare resources possessed by an organisation are strong enough to maintain its sustainability in the competitive market. The success of the organisation lies in exploiting the valuable resources effectively in order to sustain competitiveness in the global context (O'Fallon & Rutherford, 2010). Inimitable implies the resources which cannot be simply replicated by the competitors in the market. An organisation and the employees should have the capabilities of preserving the resources so that the competitors are unable to replicate them, which would cause serious harm to the reputation of the organisation. Non-substitutable signifies that the services and the goods supplied by the organisation are exclusive and no ot her organisation can match up to the offered value or quality. An organisation is required to be aware of the situation and look for keeping their competitive position intact by supplying quality products to customers for ensuring its sustainability (Mitchell, 2010). Strategic Strengths and Weaknesses of Madarin Oriental Hotel Group Organisation In Relation To VRIN Analysis From the concept demarcated in the VRIN

MRF Madras Rubber Factory Essay Example for Free

MRF Madras Rubber Factory Essay Solutions and Services Implementation Highlights Time-frame: 9 months, strict adherence to time-schedules Top Managements support Highly dedicated team Comprehensive change management SAP ERP success story MRF Limited MRF Limited is engaged in the manufacturing, distribution and sale of an extensive ange of superior quality tyres for various kinds of vehicles. The companys operations relate to manufacture of rubber products, such as tyres, of applications. MRF has six production facilities in India and around 80 sales offices. From its humble origins in 1946, the company has come a long way to become the market leader in the tyre manufacturing industry. MRF exports its products to over 75 countries worldwide. Today, global tyre manufacturers have to plan and adapt to changes in customer demand, fluctuations in raw material prices and availability, while keeping pace with timelines for shipments; in the face of increasing ompetition in the global marketplace. The Need for SAP Before becoming an SAP customer, MRF was running several outmoded legacy systems that could no longer keep up with the companys expanding operations, and, as a result, the company was plagued with inefficiency. Problems of slow availability of information, tedious manual entry and data transfer, lack of system flexibility, excess manpower utilization and costs started to have a negative impact on the business. Consequently, the company was spending a lot of time in consolidating the information, getting the data together, and on time. It did not take long for MRF to know that it had to replace its nonintegrated, independent systems if it wanted to gain strategic insight and higher productivity to manage rapid business growth. The company wanted a flexible solution to allow IT to keep pace with changes while offering a low total cost of ownership. MRF decided to reengineer its entire IT landscape by implementing SAP ERP and SAP CRM solutions, based on the SAP NetWeaver platform. A Core Team called the Power Users team was formed to determine the requirements of the company and the selection of a suitable ERP olution. MRF brought in IBM Global to facilitate the process and the Core Team was sensitized to the process of reengineering. The company did a detailed evaluation based on various criteria such as experience in the manufacturing sector and product-offerings; Oracle and SAP were short listed. MRF participated in a SAP summit which helped the company to take the final decision. SAP came out on top in terms of product superiority, post-sales support, and record customer satisfaction. We were confident that SAP will support our plans for continued growth, says Prince Azariah, Chief Information Officer, MRF Limited. SAP offered a clear solution for MRFs manufacturing operations which include process as well as discrete production. We have moved onto a mature product with SAP. We have made a very good decision in selecting SAP, adds Sathya Gautham, Manager IT Services. Implementation MRF chose Siemens Information Systems as the implementation partner after a thorough selection process. The project went live on December 1, 2007. There were around 60 members from MRF and 35-40 members from Siemens involved in the implementation process. The core team nd the partners team worked in full collaboration, while ensuring that the implementation was carried out according to time schedules. One of the complications was that our systems were in silos. Change management has been a big challenge, says Gautham. There were many instances when MRF looked to SAP India and SAP Labs for assistance and support during the implementation. SAP ERP has been implemented at the companys Head Office in Chennai, 6 factories in Sales Offices. MRF went in for all core modules including Financials and Controlling (FICO), Sales ; Distribution (SD), Materials Management (MM), Production Planning PP), Quality Management (QM), Plant Maintenance (PM), Human Resources (HR), and SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence (SAP NetWeaver 81). Today, there are around 700 users who have accepted the implementation in a positive manner. Benefits With SAP ERP, the company has one harmonized, standardized and integrated solution. The solution has enabled MRF to transform its business operation management from time consuming and inflexible to real-time and adaptable. The users can now count on easy access to accurate, complete, and up-to-the minute information, thanks to entralized, integrated data. This has led to quicker decision making and improved business transactions for MRF. SAP is the best thing that has happened to MRF, Sathya Gautham, Manager IT Services The implementation of SAP has brought in a major shift in the work-culture in the company. The core team was clearly aware that they are responsible for creating their future. Earlier, we were a top-driven company. Now, we have close to 60 personnel at the middle management level who have been empowered to take business decisions, and who are advising top management on what needs to be done o set up processes in the company. There is so much of enthusiasm among the core team members and the end-users. Also, we used to be a very silo-ed company. With SAP, the Heads of different Departments look to these people for resolution of problems.

Portrayal of Family in Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Portrayal of Family in Huckleberry Finn Essay Huck is a kind of natural philosopher, skeptical of social doctrines, and willing to set forth new ideas. However, when it comes to the idea of a family, Huck is ignorant in all ways. Nevertheless, Huck’s adventures throughout the novel present him with opportunities to gain the family that he has secretly wanted all his life because of his lack of compassion from his remaining family. This new discovery to a family begins with Tom Sawyer. Tom Sawyer initiated himself as the decision-maker, with Huck listeing without argument, much like a big brother little brother relationship. In the first few chapters of the book, Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer are established as foils for each other-characters whose actions and traits contrast each other in a way that gives readers a better understanding of both characters. Due to these contrasts, Tom has established himself as Huck’s older brother. Later on in the book, Huck comes across the Grangerford family. The Grangerford family is a tragic family in a huge predicament similar to Romeo and Juliet. Huck finds himself attached to the family in a way. â€Å"Everybody loved to have him (Col. Grangerford) around, too; he was sunshine most always-I mean he made it seem like good weather. † Huck cries over Buck’s body because Huck has begun to think of Buck as a friend as well as a brother. Huck finds the feud that the Gangerford’s have with the Shepherdson’s unnecessary and harmful, and believes it will only bring hurt and loss to both sides, which it inevitably does. The future losses, which are inescapable hurt Huck because he feels connected to each family member in a different way, even the dead sister, Emmeline. Throughout all these situations that Huck goes through, Jim has supported him, even when Jim was not with Huck at every time. Jim first met up with Huck on the island. Jim escaped Widow Douglas’s home because he was to be sold down south, which would separate Jim from his family forever. Jim is hands down the most important person to Huck throughout the novel, putting himself in a category as one of Huck’s new family members. Jim has been associated as Huck’s father figure. During their time together, Jim and Huck make up a sort of alternative family in an alternative place, apart from society. Huck escaped from society for adventure and a new life, while Jim has escaped from society so that he wouldn’t be separated from his family by being sold down south. Jim is based off of his love, whether it’s for his family or his growing love for Huck. Jim was thought of by Huck as a stupid, ignorant slave in the beginning of the novel, but as Huck spends more time with Jim, Huck realizes that Jim has a different kind of knowledge based off of his years as well as his experiences with love. In the incidents of the floating house and Jim’s snakebite, Jim uses his knowledge to benefit both of them but also seeks to protect Huck. Jim is less imprisoned by conventional wisdom than Huck, who has grown up at least partly in mainstream white society. Jim proves his humanity to Huck by baring himself emotionally to Huck, expressing a longing for his family and his guilt when Jim mentions the time he beat his daughter when she did not deserve it. Nevertheless, throughout their time together, Huck has still had the idea of turning Jim in. Huck searches the social and religious belief systems that white society has taught him for a way out of his predicament about turning Jim in. In the end, Huck is unable to pray because he cannot truly believe in these systems, for he cares too much about Jim to deny Jim’s existence and humanity. â€Å"It was a close place. I took . . . up (the letter I’d written to Miss Watson), and held it in my hand. I was a-trembling, because I’d got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: â€Å"All right then, I’ll go to hell†Ã¢â‚¬â€and tore it up. It was awful thoughts and awful words, but they was said. And I let them stay said; and never thought no more about reforming†. The logical consequences of Huck’s action as well as Huck’s growing affection for Jim, rather than the lessons society has taught him, drive Huck to tear up the letter. Though he does not admit this truth to himself, Huck trades his fate for Jim’s and as a result, accepts the life of a black man as equal to is own. By helping the doctor treat Tom after Tom was shot in the leg as well as shielding Huck from seeing his father’s corpse, Jim affirms that he is not only a decent human being, but also a model father. Huck’s feelings about society and the adult world are based on his negative experience, the main one being Huck’s drunk abusive father, â€Å"Pap†. â€Å"Paphe hadn’t been seen for more than a year, and that was comfortable for me; I didn’t want to see him no more†. Although Huck was free from his father for a long time, the new judge in town returns Huck to Pap because he privileges Pap’s â€Å"rights† over Huck’s welfare, much like the relationship between a slave and a master. The judge fails to take into account Pap’s drunkenness and abusive past, which puts Huck in a sizable predicament. Because of Pap’s abusive nature and drunkenness, Pap fails Huck in providing Huck with a set of beliefs and values that are consistent and satisfying to Huck, making Pap fail as a father figure in another way. Although Pap is a hideous, hateful man in nearly every aspect, Huck does not immediately abandon him when given the chance. Huck is grasping on the final thread he has of family. Huck truly believes in the sense of family, and desperately wants it, but at the same time, is scared by the idea (won’t let Widow Douglas close). By placing hope in the wrong person (Pap), Huck misses out on the possibility of a good family with Widow Douglas. As apposed to Jim, who represents the best of white society even though he is black, Pap represents the worst of white society: he is illiterate, ignorant, violent, and profoundly racist. Though to a very small degree, Huck has been led to believe the same. Pap represents the true evil in the book, making Huck’s belief in a family cynical and saddened. Through Huck’s adventures on the Mississippi River, he has created new homes for himself at the locations of his new family members as well as comfort zones for Huck. Huck and Jim, both alienated from society in fundamental ways, first find home on the island where they meet up. The island provides a pastoral, dreamlike setting: a safe peaceful place where food is abundant. Through two incidents on the island (the floating house and Jim’s snake bit), Huck and Jim are reminded that no location is safe for them. Because of this Jim and Huck leave on a raft as an escape from both being caught, as well as civilization and society as well. â€Å"We said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft. † Huck and Jim’s raft becomes a sort of haven of brotherhood, equality, and growing affection, as both find refuge and peace from a society that has treated them badly. Compared to the outrageous incidents onshore, the raft represents a retreat from the outside world, the site of simple pleasures and good companionship. Huck and Jim do not have to answer to anyone on the raft, and it represents a kind of utopian life for them. They try to maintain this idyllic separation from society and its problems, but as the raft makes its way southward, unsavory influences from onshore repeatedly invade the world of the raft. In a sense, Twain’s portrayal of life on the raft and the river is a romantic one, but tempered by the realistic knowledge that the evils and problems of the world are inescapable. Through different events, Huck ends up at the Phelps’s’ house. Although the reason Huck goes to the Phelps’s’ house in the first place is to find Jim, he still finds a sense of home there. When caught creeping around the house, Huck was caught. Aunt Sally came out, mistaking him for her nephew, who is inevitably Tom Sawyer. Huck pretends to be his best friend Tom so that he could find a way to help Jim as well as stay out of trouble. Although Aunt Sally thinks Huck is Tom, she still gives off that motherly vibe, even after Huck mentions his deception. After the final escape, the Phelp’s house seems to come to even more life then it was before. Aunt Sally smothers the boys, Aunt Polly scolds, and everyone bumbles along Ultimately, readers are left questioning the meaning of what we has been read: perhaps Twain means the novel as a reminder that life is ultimately a matter of imperfect information and ambiguous situations, and that the best one can do is to follow one’s head and heart. Perhaps Twain means also to say that black Americans may be free in a technical sense, but that they remain chained by a society that refuses to acknowledge their rightful and equal standing as individuals. Unfortunately, these questions seldom have straightforward answers, and thus the ending of the novel contains as many new problems as solutions.

Origins of the Accumulation of Armaments

Origins of the Accumulation of Armaments Running Head: Contemporary and Historic Origins of the Accumulation of Armaments CONTEMPORARY AND HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF WHY STATES NEEDS TO ACQUIRE AND ACCCUMULATE THE MEANS OF DESTROYING OTHERS AND WHY SO MUCH CONCERN FOR ARMS CONTROL ROXY AGANIMO PEGGY The issue of arms acquisition has been widely debated among states as well as other interest groups, hence the question, why would anyone need arms? Arms as stated by the United Nations are any forms of military weaponry ranging from tanks, armored vehicles, submarines, aircraft carriers, surface to air missiles, surface to surface missiles, to any form of battleship or gun boat, landmines or sub charges, heavy machine guns or even self-propelled guns[1]. Some may argue that we need arms for one or some of the following reasons: A. For protection- We may need guns and other weapons to help protect our family and other valuable possessions that are stored in our homes. B. For defense- In case of a robbery we may need a gun to defend ourselves and family[2] C. For recreation- Like going hunting or target shooting. How would you feel if you are not allowed to own/do these? But those are on a relatively small scale, why would states (Countries) desire to accumulate the means to destroy o thers? Could it be for fear, recreation, defense or protection? This paper would try to expatiate on the reasons behind arms control, disarmament and most especially how it all started i.e. despite the effective use of armaments, the need for the regulation and usage cannot be far-fetched, hence is acquisition should be curtailed. Politics is the activity in which ‘conflicting’ interest struggles for advantage or dominance, or as other political scientists postulate, the study of influence and influential [the influential being those who get the most of what there is to get][3], one should not be surprised that states struggle to ‘get what there is to get’, whether they be piece of land, or an island or (toys) weapons. Conflicts happens very often, they are basically forms of disagreement, which can be subdivided into 2 groups, a. Conflict of interests such as territorial, economic and governmental issues which undoubtedly are tangible. The theory of Lateral pressure explains why most conflict arises; it states that economic growth of states leads to geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their borders which in turn leads to conflicts and sometimes war[4]. Next is b. Conflict of ideas such as ethical, ideological and religious ideas which are considered intangible elements. Both conflicts however, overlaps in their occurrence. In accordance with the Hobbesian theory of all against all, the international system is structurally a self-help environment i.e. anarchic (a state where there is no global authority to enforce rules) where every state must strive to ensure its own security and survival[5]. This philosophy reflects the Realist view of things- that mankind is not inherently benevolent but rather hostile, self-centered and competitive; states are therefore inherently aggressive (offensive realism- the need to get more power) and/or obsessed with security (defensive realism- the urge to build more weapons in defense from war), and that expansion and amassing of resources is only constrained by opposing powers which in modern time are referred to as the ‘Great powers’. Thus, relations between states are determined by their comparative level of power derived primarily from their military capabilities i.e. military force is relie d upon when implementing the states foreign policies[6]. If one Great Power emerges as dominant, Realist theory predicts that other major and Great Powers will tend to form a coalition or an alliance so as to prevent that power or state from conquering the entire region[7]. Thus the inherent structure of the anarchic system necessitates that states play a game of power politics in which alliances are formed and reformed to maintain this balance. Realists’ philosophy views security as a zero-sum game(a situation where no one benefits/wins), in which only relative gains are possible, major and Great Powers always suspect each other’s intentions, and are endlessly engaged in mortal competition for power[8]. It also sees the need to retain power as a necessity, Morgenthau cited the example of Great Britain’s foreign policy in 1939-1940 against Finland, he stated that the foundation of the policy was not based on any legalistic-moralistic approach but on massive military aid in defense of the soviet aggression that might ha ve backfired on Britain alone[9] Over the years, territorial disputes has been a big issue, places/territories such as Bakassi -disputed by Nigeria and Cameroon, Chagos Archipelago- disputed by the United Kingdom and Mauritius, Ceuta- disputed by Spain and Morocco, the spratly islands- claimed by China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines and Taiwan, Kashmir and Jammu region- claimed by the People’s republic of China, India and Pakistan, and a host of many others. Man as quoted from ==== has restless desire for power, so international politics is marked by constant power play which makes cooperation much more difficult[10]. Wars as seen from the Marxist approach are as a result of clashes between capitalist whose interests are to create colonies[11] which are all as a result of economic exploitation and political subjugation of weaker states. There has been behavioral revolution in social science throughout ages, hence the birth of system analysis/theory. Morton Kaplan, a major contributor to the system made mention of international and nation state system which he felt had coherence, regularity hence important in international relations. He also made note of the fact that change was possible, notwithstanding the role of states that is constantly being determined by the international system; dividing the international system into 6 models- the first known as the â€Å"Balance of power† (BOP) system which happened between 1815- 1914[12]. He noted that the system began to falter as major actors were seen in the international system, hence the breakout of the First World War. The treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement signed afterWorld War Onehad ended in 1918 in the shadow of theRussian Revolutionand other events inRussia. The treaty, which was a prequel to Wilson’s fourteen points of peace to the US co ngress in January 1918[13] was signed on June 28th 1919 at the vast Versailles Palace near Paris hence its title between Germany and the Allies. The three most important politicians there were DavidLloyd Georgeof Britain, Clemenceauof France andWoodrowWilsonof America who after months of argument and negotiations, finally decided what the treaty should contain[14]. It was also referred to as ‘Diktat’- as it was being forced on the Germans who had no choice but to sign it. Although many people in Germany did not want the Treaty signed, the representatives there knew that they had no choice as German was incapable of restarting the war again[15]. Consequently, we can say Germany was disarmed the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons, but in modern day, disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, such asnuclear arms. General and Complete Disarmament refers to the removal of all weaponry, including conventional arms. Initially, only the United States possessed atomic weapons, but in 1949 the Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb and the arms race began –arms race. Both countries continued building more and bigger bombs. In 1952, the United States tested a new and more powerful weapon: the hydrogen bomb. The Soviet Union followed with its own version in 1953.Einstein watched with growing dismay as the two superpowers seemed to move closer and closer to nuclear war. Convinced that the only way to prevent the annihilation of humankind was to prevent all future wars, Einstein spoke out more fervently than ever in favor of international cooperation and disarmament[16]. The first red scare, which happened in America between the years 1919-1920, left the Americas cherished civil liberties threatened as communism claimed to subvert the American society[17]. To strident American anticommunists, the post- World War II Soviet danger lay not only in military aggression, but even more in the limitless prospect of Moscows ideological expansion aimed at world domination. To them the U.S.S.R.s self-assigned leadership of world Communism possessed the power and will to incite and support Communist-led revolutions everywhere, imposing on them its influence, if not its direct control. This presumption assigned to the Soviet Union the unprecedented power to extend its presence over vast distances without military force[18]. US, however carried out the ‘Marshall plan’ which was a financial aid to rebuild Europe’s economy as the fear that Soviet Union would invade Western Europe via provision of aid[19]. An arms race denotes a rapid, competitive increase in the quantity or quality of instruments of military or naval power by rival states in peacetime. What it connotes is a game with a logic of its own. Typically, in popular depictions of arms races, the political calculations that start and regulate the pace of the game remain obscure. As Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr., has noted, â€Å"The strange result is that the activity of theotherside, and not one’s own resources, plans, and motives, becomes the determinant of one’s behavior.† And what constitutes the â€Å"finish line† of the game is the province of assertion, rather than analysis[20]. Many onlookers, and some participants, have claimed that the likelihood of war increases as the accumulation of arms proceeds apace. There is no doubt that the United States and its European allies are primarily concerned with weaponization, they might accept a scenario in which Iran stops short of a nuclear weapon. Israe l, however, has made it clear that it views a significant Iranian enrichment capacity alone as an unacceptable threat. It is possible, then, that a verifiable commitment from Iran to stop short of a weapon could appease major Western powers but leave the Israelis unsatisfied. Israel would be less intimidated by a virtual nuclear weapon than it would be by an actual one and therefore would likely continue its risky efforts at subverting Irans nuclear program through sabotage and assassination which could lead Iran to conclude that a breakout capability is an insufficient deterrent, after all, and that only weaponization can provide it with the security it seeks[21]. Looking at the early forms of arms race, we see that states such as Israel is willing to use force (nuclear arms) to secure its nuclear monopoly in the region against Iraq as at 1981. It did the same to Syria in 2007 and is now considering similar action against Iran. But the very acts that have allowed Israel to maintain its nuclear edge in the short term have prolonged an imbalance that is unsustainable in the long term. Israels proven ability to strike potential nuclear rivals with impunity has inevitably made its enemies anxious to develop the means to prevent Israel from doing so again. Deterrence is the term for such action, In this way, the current tensions are best viewed not as the early stages of a relatively recent Iranian nuclear crisis but rather as the final stages of a decades-long Middle East nuclear crisis that will end only when a balance of military power is restored[22]. We may ask, why is there so much concern for arms control? First, on the 6th of august 1945,US President Harry Truman, during World War II (1939-45),gave others after the testing of bomb made with key materials for nuclear fission–uranium-235 and plutonium (Pu-239)in Mexico; an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another Atomic-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of â€Å"a new and most cruel bomb†[23].In 1961 East Germany built the Berlin Wall separating East from West Berlin. It symbolized the division of Europe by what Winston Ch urchill had called the iron curtain[24]. Despite the hostility of East-West relations during the Cold War, a relatively stable framework of relations emerged, and conflicts never escalated to all-out war. In 1989, the wall fell symbolizing the end of the cold war, while 2007 marked the start of global economic crisis[25]. In contemporary times, we take a closer look at Iran- if it obtains a/the bomb, other states in that region will follow suit, leading to a nuclear arms race in the Middle East. But the nuclear age is now almost 70 years old, and so far, fears of proliferation have proved to be unfounded. Properly defined, the term proliferation means a rapid and uncontrolled spread. Nothing like that has occurred; in fact, since 1970 as report states, there has been a marked slowdown in the emergence of nuclear states[26]. Consequently, millions if not billions of dollars were spent on the procurements of their strategic arsenals and nuclear weapons; these monies could have been spent on something more productive instead of the arms race[27]. In summary, Nuclear weapons, ‘Robert McNamara wrote in the September 1983 issue of Foreign Affairs, ‘serve no military purpose whatsoever. They are totally useless except to deter ones opponents from using them. The stark reality of mutual assured destruction, grounded on recognition of nuclear parity, led to an informal nuclear weapon taboo[28] they claim that nuclear weapons are deterrents that prevent the world from breaking out in total war. Researchers are supporting this argument by declaring how nuclear weapons have been keeping peace. However, other researchers and scientists deny the effectiveness of nuclear weapons as deterrents and declare that nuclear weapons will lead the world into total devastation[29]. National Treaty Means (NTM) of verification are individual methods used by individual parties to monitor treaty compliance[30] also the Strategic arms reduction talks (START) as well as some embargos such as Intermediate nuclear forces (INF) agreement, plus negotiations as well as limits on strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (SNDV) and compliance with antiballistic missiles (ABM) as well as non-proliferation treaty has been effective in curtailing the spread of armaments. Bibliography BBC on this day- 1945: US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima. (2005, August). Retrieved March 2014, from BBC News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/6/newsid_3602000/3602189.stm Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (2009). (A+E Networks) Retrieved from History.com: http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki Eimer, M. . (1987, January 23). Verification and arms control. Science New Series, 235(4787), 406-414. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1698322 Ghosh, P. (2009). International Relations. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved March 2014 Joshua, G. S., Jon, P. C., Witworth, S. (2008). Internatonal conflict. In J. S. Goldstein, J. C. Pevehouse, S. Witworth, G. Bennett (Ed.), International relations (2nd ed., pp. 158-250). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Pearson education Canada. Retrieved March 2014 Nuclear arms race- The cold war. (2008). Retrieved March 2014, from American museum of natural history: http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/einstein/peace-and-war/nuclear-arms-race Schiffrin, A. (1997, March April). The Cold War and the University: Towards an Intellectual History. Foreign affairs, 76(2), 147-151. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20047943 Siracusa, J. M. (2009, December). Reflections on the cold war. Australasian Journal of American Studies, 28(2), 1-16. Retrieved March 2014, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41054143 . Smith, S., Baylis, P. O. (2011). Introduction. In J. Baylis, S. S. Owens, The Globalization of the World politics- An Introduction to international relations (5th ed., pp. 4-200). New york: Oxford University press. Retrieved March 2014 Trading arms to terrorist organization. (2012). Retrieved March 2014, from Lawteacher.net: http://www.lawteacher.net/international-law/essays/trading-arms-to-terrorist-organizations-international-law-essay.php Uclari. (2008). International relations theory. Retrieved march 2014, from Rooster teeth: http://roosterteeth.com/forum/viewTopic.php?id=2205392 Waltz, K. N. (2012). Why Iran should get the bomb- Nuclear balancing would mean stabilty. Retrieved March 2014, from Foreign affairs: www.foreignaffairs.com Woodrow wilsons fourteen points. (2013). Retrieved March 2014, from History learning site: www.historylearningsite.co.uk 1 [1]Retrieved from http://www.lawteacher.net/international-law/essays/trading-arms-to-terrorist-organizations-international-law-essay.php [2] http://hotessays.blogspot.ca/2010/12/essay-on-right-to-bear-arms.html [3] Heard, A. (2011). Political Culture and Socialization: The Media and Other Mind Sharpers. In R. Dyck, Studying Politics: An Introduction to Political Science (pp. 6). Toronto: Nelson Education [4] Joshua, G. S., Jon, P. C., Witworth, S. (2008). International conflict. In J. S. Goldstein, J. C. Pevehouse S. Witworth, International relations (2nd ed., pp. 174). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Pearson education Canada. Retrieved March 2014 [5] Uclari. (2008). International relations theory. Retrieved march 2014, from Rooster teeth: http://roosterteeth.com/forum/viewTopic.php?id=2205392 [6] Smith, S., Baylis, P. O. (2011). Introduction. In J. Baylis, S. S. Owens, The Globalization of the World politics- An Introduction to international relations (5th ed., pp. 4). New York: Oxford University press. Retrieved March 2014 [7] Joshua, G. S., Jon, P. C., Witworth, S. (2008). Introduction- The Cold war, 1945-1990. In J. S. Goldstein, J. C. Pevehouse, S. Witworth, G. Bennett (Ed.), International relations (2nd ed., pp. 158-250). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Pearson education Canada. Retrieved March 2014 [8] Smith, S., Baylis, P. O. (2011). Introduction. In J. Baylis, S. S. Owens, The Globalization of the World politics- An Introduction to international relations (5th ed., pp. 4-200). New York: Oxford University press. Retrieved March 2014 [9] Ghosh, P. (2009). International Relations. ( pp.27). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved March 2014 [10] Smith, S., Baylis, P. O. (2011). Introduction. In J. Baylis, S. S. Owens, The Globalization of the World politics- An Introduction to international relations (5th ed., pp. 4-200). New York: Oxford University press. Retrieved March 2014 [11] Ghosh, P. (2009). International Relations. (pp. 35). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved March 2014 [12] Ghosh, P. (2009). International Relations. (pp. 35). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved March 2014 [13]Retrieved from http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/woodrow_wilson1.htm [14] http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/woodrow_wilson1.htm [15] Retrieved from History.com: http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasak [16] Retrieved from http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/einstein/peace-and-war/nuclear-arms-race [17] Siracusa, J. M. (2009, December). Reflections on the cold war. Australasian Journal of American Studies, 28(2), 2. Retrieved March 2014, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41054143 [18] Siracusa, J. M. (2009, December). Reflections on the cold war. Australasian Journal of American Studies, 28(2), 2. Retrieved March 2014, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41054143 [19] Joshua, G. S., Jon, P. C., Witworth, S. (2008). Introduction- The Cold war, 1945-1990. In J. S. Goldstein, J. C. Pevehouse, S. Witworth, G. Bennett (Ed.), International relations (2nd ed., pp. 158-250). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Pearson education Canada. Retrieved March 2014 [20] Uclari. (2008). International relations theory. Retrieved march 2014, from Rooster teeth: http://roosterteeth.com/forum/viewTopic.php?id=2205392 [21] Retrieved from http://www.lawteacher.net/international-law/essays/trading-arms-to-terrorist-organizations-international-law-essay.php#ixzz2wXYbvfUj [22]Retrieved from http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137731/kenneth-n-waltz/why-iran-should-get-the-bomb [23] http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki [24] Smith, S., Baylis, P. O. (2011). Evolution of International society. In J. Baylis, S. S. Owens, The Globalization of the World politics- An Introduction to international relations (5th ed., pp. 38). New York: Oxford University press. Retrieved March 2014 [25] Smith, S., Baylis, P. O. (2011).International . In J. Baylis, S. S. Owens, The Globalization of the World politics- An Introduction to international relations (5th ed., pp. 63). New York: Oxford University press. Retrieved March 2014 [26] Waltz, K. N. (2012, August). Why Iran should get the bomb- Nuclear balancing would mean stability. Retrieved March 2014, from Foreign affairs: www.foreignaffairs.com [27] Waltz, 2 [28] Siracusa, J. M. (2009, December). Reflections on the cold war. Australasian Journal of American Studies, Vol. 28 (2), pp8. Retrieved March 2014, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41054143 [29]Retrieved from http://www.teenink.com/opinion/current_events_politics/article/466412/The-World-Does-Not-Need-Nuclear-Weapons/ [30] Eimer, M. . (1987, January 23). Verification and arms control. Science New Series, vol.235 No. 4787, pp 406. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1698322

Interview Essay - Regina McArthur -- Interview Essays

Regina McArthur was born on December 16, 1929. She is a proud mother of five children, and is also a proud grandmother. She says that her greatest love, after her family, is teaching. Regina is a retired school teacher and she currently works informally at a local museum. She says that religion plays a big part in her life, and she describes herself as a real church goer. She is continually trying to develop new skills with all the wonderful things that are out there to learn. Regina is a very curious person and believes that everyone should be too! She said, "There is so much in life that is free, we should take advantage of it." Regina raised her five children by herself, and did what she had to do to survive. She has always enjoyed investigating new ideas. Spending time with her fa... Interview Essay - Regina McArthur -- Interview Essays Regina McArthur was born on December 16, 1929. She is a proud mother of five children, and is also a proud grandmother. She says that her greatest love, after her family, is teaching. Regina is a retired school teacher and she currently works informally at a local museum. She says that religion plays a big part in her life, and she describes herself as a real church goer. She is continually trying to develop new skills with all the wonderful things that are out there to learn. Regina is a very curious person and believes that everyone should be too! She said, "There is so much in life that is free, we should take advantage of it." Regina raised her five children by herself, and did what she had to do to survive. She has always enjoyed investigating new ideas. Spending time with her fa...

Synthesis of Tavris, Goodman, and Underwood :: Culture Sex Cultural Essays

Synthesis of Tavris, Goodman, and Underwood We’ve all been in a situation where we’ve been unknowingly manipulated by a group of people. It’s human nature to follow. Often times, for instance a gang shooting or the Holocaust in the 1940s, the outcome of blind following reminds that human nature can be atrocious. But do you think every German Nazi who contributed to the mass murders was an evil person? No, most were lead to believe that they were doing a good thing. Hitler was a powerful orator who convinced millions of people to support him. Why should anyone have thought something was wrong if there were millions of people who thought it was just fine? Hollywood is almost as evil and just as persuasive as Hitler was; and when an individual becomes a fraction of any group whether it be Hollywood’s audience or a collection of colleagues, the individual’s plight to remain at hand, is almost always defeated. In Tavris’ (2002) essay she explains why she thinks people act differently alone than in a group. She uses the examples of Kitty Genovese and Rodney King to illustrate that people are not willing to be courageous among other people. She claims that it is not the individual’s fault, but that is the ‘nature of groups’ that leave the individual barren of their usually present morals. We don’t want to wrongly intervene to spare our ego,, or we diffuse the responsibility on others who are around us assuming that another has already taken the initiative. She recommends that people inform themselves of the anomaly of what she calls â€Å"group-think† in hopes that education will empower them; even if they’re in a group. In Goodman’s (2002) Essay ‘Countering the Culture of Sex’ she discusses the common topic of the effects of sex in the media. She asserts that it isn’t enough to blame the media. W should transform the problem into the solution by having Hollywood realistically portray the aftermath of sexual encounters. By doing this, she hopes, will reduce the amount of teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Teenagers should be more aware of the consequences and less enamored with the romanticized image of sex; Goodman believes Hollywood is the answer. Using the example of Kitty Genovese, the woman who was witnessed being stabbed to death by a whole apartment building, Tavris (2002) says â€Å"Something happens to individuals when they collect in a group.

Borrelia Burgdorferi Essay -- Medical Health Biology Essays

Borrelia Burgdorferi Life History: Lyme disease is an infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete that is found in deer ticks of genus Ixodes. Lyme disease was named in 1977 after arthritis was observed in clusters in children in Lyme, Connecticut. An infected tick can transmit B. burgdorferi to the humans and animals that it bites. If left untreated, the B. burgdorferi can cause a systemic infection by traveling through the bloodstream and establishing itself in various body tissues. Lyme disease is most prevalently found in north-eastern United States. Microbial Characteristics and Virulence: Borrelia burgdorferi is not classified as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. When B. burgdorferi is Gram-stained, the cells stain a weak Gram-negative by default, as safrin is the last dye used. B. burgdorferi has an outer membrane that contains an LPS-like substance, an inner membrane, and a periplasmic space which contains a layer of peptidoglycan. They have endoflagella which are contained within the periplasmic space. It can be cultivated on a modified Kelly medium called BSK (Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly). BSK solidified with 1.3% agarose allows the production of colonies from single organisms. The spirochete grows more slowly than most other bacteria dividing once after 12-24 hours. B. burgdorferi resembles other spirochetes in that it is a highly specialized, motile, two-membrane, spiral-shaped bacteria which lives primarily as an extracellular pathogen. One of the most striking features of B. burgdorferi as compared with other eubacteria is its unusual genome, which includes a linear chromosome approximately one megabase in size and numerous linear and circular plasmids. Long-term culture of B. burgdorferi re... ..., Pennsylvania, Delaware Maryland, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin. Lyme disease accounts for approximately 16,000 infections in the United States per year. Since 1982 there have been over 145,000 cases reported to health authorities in the US. Lyme disease accounts for 95% of vector borne illness and the incidence rate is 5 per 100,000 although this number may be less than true cases due to underreporting. People of all ages and both genders are equally susceptible, although highest attack rates are in children ages 0-14 years and in persons 30 years of age or older. Sources Cited: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/index.htm http://www.aldf.com/Lyme.asp#PARA1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/bburgdorferi.htm http://www.aldf.com/Lyme_TreatmentTable.html http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/epi.htm http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic588.htm

The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution

Through all these years I always think of the American Revolution as customary rebellion which the parties involved fight for something like a parcel of land or for political divisions, i. e. territorial expansion. They deliberately fight against each other head-to-head just to get what they wanted. Maybe it is the result of watching classical movies that defy true essence of revolution that I came to think this way about the ancient wars. However, reading the book entitled The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution written by Bernard Bailyn, renewed my traditional view of the revolution as a whole.It was astoundingly compact yet the message the author conveyed was crystal clear. Bailyn vividly presented his idea that â€Å"power must be watched and restrained tightly† else, liberty will no longer take hold of the situation and much worse, slavery and other forms of oppression will occur. I learned to view the American Revolution from a different perspective in what he called the â€Å"ideological origins†. In effect, I was able to draw critical analysis based from Bailyn’s work of other cases of rebellion here and abroad.The purpose of the author in writing the book, as I comprehended it, is basically to tell everyone that wars happened because of radical minds that drew political ideology from social and traditional outlooks and screened by past experiences. They are explicitly called as radical libertarians who focused on the effort of freeing the individual from tyranny of the state. Bailyn traced their ideological background and found one important piece of the puzzle that he presented in the first part of the book: the pamphlet story.He told us that those pamphlets â€Å"had peculiar virtues as a medium of communication† among the proponents who drafted of the American Revolution. It was in this method (and many others following it) that radical minds gained power and support from the commoners and so the revolution was given birth. But of course, the main event still laid in the messages that the radicals were sending out. The American Revolution was indeed initiated and maintained by radical libertarians until it reached its final destination.The author showed in the book that the American Revolution was â€Å"a cluster of convictions focused on the effort to free the individual from the oppressive misuse of power† by the state. He did not just a compile these convictions but also the analyzed each of them point-by-point as those were his premises in the logical structure of the book. It was the product of years of constant search of relevant information that pertains to the American Revolution. The book was overwhelming with researched ideas which the author found useful.The book was organized into six parts beginning from the Literature of Revolution down to the Contagion of Liberty. In the Literature of Revolution, he explained the method of communication between the radicals who insti gated to the public the idea of revolution. Part II of the book talked about the Sources and Traditions which he identified the ideological background of the radical libertarians. In Part III, entitled Power and Liberty: A Theory of Politics, Bailyn discussed the issues concerning power and liberty, i.e. how should the state treat the underprivileged, the oppressed, the people who were exploited by tyrants. He showed the premises in Part IV the Logic of Rebellion—the only option that the libertarians can have. Here he talked about conspiracies and how the rebellion happened during the Great American Revolution. In Part V, Bailyn discussed the history on the Transformations resulting from the revolution. The areas he tackled were the issues on Representation and Consent, Constitution and Rights, and the Sovereignty.These transformations were the fruits of the radical libertarians’ efforts. The last but not the least, Bailyn discussed in Part VI entitled The Contagion of Liberty the privileges that the underprivileged were able to uphold after the revolution. The discussion talked about the long-term issues of slavery, religion, respect, that all in all summed into the new concept, the concept of democracy that gave every person the right to exercise his freedom in the country. However, Bailyn did not end the book here.He also included an essay entitled â€Å"Fulfillment: A Commentary on the Constitution† which described the existing constitution as the ‘fulfillment’ of the libertarians’ dreams. Bernard Bailyn is widely and deservedly identified as â€Å"our finest historian of the colonial period†. He was an Emeritus Professor at Adams University and professor of Early American History at Harvard University. He wrote many award-winning books including The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution which garnered him both the Pulitzer and Bancroft prizes.This book first published in the 1960’s was a brea kthrough for the whole mankind. He wrote the book in such a way that radical ideologies were seen as the main reason for the American Revolution to ensue. The book also proved to be applicable not just in the American societal and political transformations but also to majority of revolutions lead by radical leaders of such revolution. After all, there was no trouble understanding his ideas despite the fact that it was written from literally hundreds of sources compressed into a 416-page book.In conclusion, the Bailyn’s The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution was the possibly the best book ever written that pertains to the subject of ideological origins or backgrounds of radical libertarians who aimed to â€Å"free the individual from oppressive misuse of power† by the state. Also, he did not end his discussion to the accounts of the first half of the century but rather commented on the existing laws that he called â€Å"Fulfillment† of the hopes and d reams of the leaders of the American Revolution. Reference: Bailyn, Bernard (1992). The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Marketing Law and Ethics Essay

Being ethical as a marketer has its advantages as well as its disadvantages. The ‘negative’ advantages are obvious, all of which point to personal and business gain. However, to say that one must act unlawfully to be unethical would be false. The provided statement is completely factual and is particularly relevant to marketing and, more accurately, business, in the fact that â€Å"ethics are not, by definition, counterproductive to profit, but may be beneficial to profit.† Hypothetically, a marketer would need to accept the above statement as ‘bible’ in reference to the marketing mix, or rather simply, ‘the four P’s (price, product, promotion and placement). The simplistic fundamentals of marketing and business, the marketing mix is essential to the success of a business and their respective products, so it is appropriate that it also be applied to another quintessential factor of business in ethics. The first and arguably most important aspect of the marketing mix, price can pose quite a few ethical dilemmas and has done so in the past. One example of this is price collusion or price-fixing. This is where a product or service is set at an unreasonable price with knowledge that the consumer can’t afford not to purchase the product or service. One such instance of this occurred in America when leading toy chain Toys ‘R’ Us â€Å"violated federal trade laws by colluding with manufacturers to keep prices for Barbie, Mr. Potato Head and other popular toys artificially high.† While it was unlawful, it was also an unethical act as well as a form of extortion. The second factor of the marketing mix, product, is also subjected to ethical dilemmas. Planned product obsolescence is a prime example of an unethical act in relation to product. This is where there is a planned life-span of a good, producing a product so that it will wear out inside a period of time, most often beyond it’s warrantee. To say such an act is unethical is to question how much disclosure of information is truly enough. In my personal  opinion, it is a wrongful act and one that I consider unethical. On the other end of the spectrum, acting ethically and creating a reliable product would be just as beneficial to a company and it’s reputation, if not more so. Promotion can also be unethical. Attempts to persuade someone that a product is ‘needed’ by them when it quite obviously is not is wrong, especially when there are so many influential consumers in the market. Intrusive marketing is unethical as well. Alternately, promoting a product responsibly and ethically can be quite beneficial to a business, particularly when the â€Å"highest standard of moral conduct† has been reached, which makes a business appear conscious of unethical behaviour. One example of this is the Body Shop which is the benchmark in ethical business practices in Australia. Product placement is often quite deceptive. Some may consider the issue of placing products on certain ‘eye-levels’ on a shelf as well as promoting impulse buying via product placement as unethical. Such acts are generally taken for granted in today’s consumer-driven society and are not seen as a disadvantage to the consumer, though some people, particularly parents, may be more vulnerable to this unethical practice. If I were faced with an unethical dilemma in my workplace I would have to consider a variety of matters. Having done so, there is a set variety of steps that would need to be looked at taking before resolving the issue or issues. The external factors of price deception, product deception, fairness and honesty may come up as being ethical dilemmas. These issues would make consumers view my place of work in a negative way and would need to be dealt with quite thoroughly. The reputation of the workplace and that of myself amongst my peers, family and the industry would need to be taken into account when acting upon such issues. I would probably have to mention it to someone of a higher authority though and help them to decide whether it would be beneficial to act upon these matters. The external issues of bribery and, confidentiality, are two other matters  one may come across in the workplace. These are both very real and very sensitive matters that can destroy a company from the inside. I would consider taking the matter to the police if it were seriously affecting me personally or the company quite badly. I would also consider confronting the offender/s, though this is a very unlikely option. In all of the above cases, the options are quite clear though the steps that can be performed or should be vary. It depends on the situation as to whether one should keep the issues secretive and internal or the consumers should know about the company’s ethical wrong-doings. To ask this is to ask whether society would be better off if information is disclosed. On a personal level, one must consider his or her own reputation and financial and social well-being. It is a very complicated matter and one with no set procedure. The first issue I chose from the advertisements scrutinized by the Advertisement Standards Bureau was that of the Just Jeans advertisement. The ASB’s decision to uphold the complaint is one which I agree with in some respects. The violence and Health and Safety factors are quite disturbing and are justifiably held up. There is an aura of horror in the description of the advertisement which can be distressing to fragile people influenced negatively by that sort of thing. It is also quite dangerous and gratuitous. The complaint regarding portrayal of sex, sexuality and nudity is quite silly I believe. Though it might seem a bit risquà © to the untrained eye, society should have learned to gradually accept the aspect of ‘sex sells’ by now. Soap operas, billboards and even teenage reading publications use sex, nudity and sexuality to market their various products and services, it’s become a way of life and to argue against it would be to be taking on something much too dominant and widely accepted to be warranted. The Advertiser Code of Ethics is ridiculous in this sense, not taking into account the changes in our culture and the acceptance of sex, sexuality and nudity by the wider population. Having said that, I believe that industry self regulation is weak in this aspect. The wider social acceptance of the  level of gratuity an advertiser can use should be taken into account and as long as there are so few people setting so many rules, I doubt this will ever occur.

Fast food †Hamburger Essay

Fast food can be defined as any food that contributes little or no nutrient value to the diet, but instead provides excess calories and fat. Nowadays, there are millions of fast food restaurants in the world that offers their costumers plenty of different meals with a special price. Fast food can be a good way to save time ,but it is not the proper way for nutrition. Researchers found that eating fast food meals more than twice a week was associated with double the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism. Also, those products cause a great gain in weight and may cause many heart diseases. Burgers, French-fries, soft drinks are just a few examples of junk food. Fast food refer to any poor nutrition food that is easily prepared. Fast food may includes chips, hot pies ,pasties, sandwiches, burgers, croissants, kebabs, pizzas, chicken, soups, and salads. It also includes drinks, for instance, milkshakes, and soft drinks. ORIGIN OF FAST-FOOD The ‘fast’ in fast food is there for a reason. It is designed to serve the customer as quickly as possible. In order to do this, fast foods are highly processed with standardized ingredients, cooking and production methods. History Indian fast food The fast food industry in India has evolved with the changing lifestyles of the young Indian population. The sheer variety of gastronomic preferences across the regions, hereditary or acquired, has brought about different modules across the country. Popular formats of fast food business in India have the following features in common: * Wide opening on the road side * Easy to maintain and durable decor * A cash counter where food coupons are sold * A food delivery counter which invariably is granite topped. Additional counters for Ice Creams, Chaats, Beverages etc. * A well fitted kitchen located so as to be visible to the customers * Tall tables, usually of stainless steel, where one can eat while standing * A drinking water fountain adorned with a water filter * Rust-proof and non-breakable crockery Food courts Another concept of fast food that is becoming popular is that of Food Courts. It is like putting together a number of Darshinis serving different cuisines under one roof. Here also one has to purchase coupons and collect the food from one of the several counters. Each one of these counters serves specific variety of food and may be owned by different individuals or caterers. Food Courts are normally located on much bigger premises and may provide seating facility in addition to the stand and eat arrangement. Typically one entrepreneur owns or takes on lease the entire premises and promotes the place under one name. He then lets out individual counters to different independent operators to offer different menu. Internal competition is avoided by not allowing more than one counter to offer similar food. Several international fast food chains like Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonald’s and Barista Coffee have their outlets in major cities. Cafe Coffee Day, again a brainchild of Bangalore based businessman, is the only Indian chain which boasts of hundreds of outlets and is present across India. But then it is classified more as a coffee shop than a fast food place. Varieties of food offered The kind of food they offer as of date could be just anything and everything. Preference of the local population and the location of the outlet influence the menu more than anything else. Some of the popular dishes offered at Indian fast food outlets are: (Most preferred in Mumbai city) 1] vada pav 2] dosa 3]samosa 4] pav bhaji 5] chat: pani puri, ragda pattice, bhel etc. 6] sandwich 7] pizza 8] burger & chips 9]Frankie & rolls 10] hot dogs etc.. Disadvantages of Fast Food Although it is convenient, fast and tasty, the many disadvantages of fast food should discourage people from indulging in eating this type of fare on a regular basis. Unfortunately, marketers target the youngest of the population, enticing our next generation to eat unhealthy with dire consequences ahead of them. Fast food is a relatively new interference in our dietary habits, having only been popular for about the past 60 years. Coinciding with the rising popularity of the automobile, fast food restaurants are believed to have originated in California to take advantage of a growing population of mobile individuals. The preface of the industry was a sound one, and a plethora of businesses offering a diverse assortment of foods served quickly and with few frills soon emerged across the United States. The main principle behind fast food is that the food is served fast, hence the name. Eating on the run has become a familiar and all too convenient course in the busy lives of people in the United States. Whether the food is hamburgers, chicken, pizza, Mexican fare, fish or salads, there is generally something on the menu for each member of the family for a fraction of the cost of preparing it homemade. Added to these attributes is the fact that this food does indeed taste delicious. The disadvantages of fast food, however, greatly outnumber the convenience, availability and speed of the fare; especially when the indulgence for the food occurs on a regular basis. Fat is probably the number one issue with fast food products. Considering the fact that the average human should have no more than 65 grams of fat each day, choosing a value meal at a fast food restaurant that includes a large hamburger, a large order of French fries and a beverage which combined contains at least 63 grams of fat is an obviously unhealthy choice for a meal. Unless each of the remaining two meals consumed that day were totally lacking in fat, these numbers would soon add up to extra unwanted pounds. Don’t be fooled into thinking that a fish or chicken sandwich would be a better choice, even though these foods are touted as being healthy. Many of the fish and chicken offerings at a fast food restaurant have a higher fat content than is found in a hamburger purchased at the same joint when breaded and fried. The calories consumed in a fast food meal are equally as damaging to our health. Unless our energy output is greater than the calories we take in, our weight begins to edge up the scale. As excess fat accumulates on our frames, it begins to take a toll on our heart, blood pressure and blood sugar. Most kids need only 2,000 calories per day, while adults require even less. Yet just one fast food hamburger can carry up to 750 calories, not to mention the French fries which carry at least another 350 calories. More and more children are beginning their lives obese because of poor food choices and lack of exercise. Another disadvantage of fast food is the breakdown of family life. A family together in the kitchen, preparing dinner, is an opportunity to bond and communicate. Eating on the run means less time spent around the dinner table, where the day’s experiences are shared with other members of the family. Fast food is certainly an occasional fun treat, and there are healthy menu choices. Sadly, too many people visit too often, with unwholesome results and bad habits setting the stage for health disasters for our young people. What is fast food and why is it so popular? Fast food is any food that is quick, convenient, and usually inexpensive. You can buy fast food just about anywhere that sells food and snacks. Vending machines, drive-thru restaurants, and 24 hour convenience stores are probably the most common places to find fast food. It’s so popular because for under $5. 00 you can usually get a filling meal. However, fast food is inexpensive because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients such as high fat meat, refined grains, and added sugar and fats, instead of nutritious foods such as lean meats, fresh fruits, and vegetables.

Battered wives

To determine the amount and types of violence in U. S. homes, sociologists have interviewed nationally representative samples of U. S. couples (Straus, 1992). Although not all sociologists agree, Murray Straus concludes that husbands and wives are about equally likely to attack one another. When it comes to the effects of violence, however, gender equality certainly vanishes. As Straus points out, even though she may throw the coffeepot first, it is generally he who lands the last and most damaging blow.Consequently, many more wives than husbands seek medical attention because of marital violence. A good part of the reason, of course, is that most husbands are bigger and stronger than their wives, putting women at a disadvantage in this literal battle of the sexes. Violence against women is related to the sexist structure of society and to socialization. Growing up with norms that encourage aggression and the use of violence, many men feel it is their right to control women.When frus trated in a relationship or even by causes outside it, many men turn violently on their wives and lovers. The basic question is how to socialize males to handle frustration and disagreements without resorting to violence and this has not been answered yet. This paper will be discussing battered women and battered women syndrome in relationship to crime and deterrence. Battering of Women: The characteristics of assaulting a spouse or love suggest low deterrability. The behavior appears to be irrational, expressive, quite violent and likely to take place in private.It is often pointed out that the act historically has been culturally condoned and arguably continues so to some degree. Given a theoretical framework generally suggesting low deterrability, the outcome of the Minneapolis Domestic Violence experiment (Sherman & Berk, 1984) was quite surprising. The design of this important study provided for random assignment of three police responses to cases of misdemeanor domestic assaul t, the arrest of the offender, separation of the parties and some sort of advice, including mediation.Police officers responding to domestic violence calls were instructed to intervene as dictated by the color of the form appearing at the top of the report pad. Cases were then followed for six months to determine if the assaulter’s recidivated, as measured by additional reports to the police and periodic interviews with the victims. The lowest rate of repeat assaults, 13% was obtained when the offenders had been arrested, a middle level, 18. 2% followed advice or mediation, while the highest incidence of new assaults came after separation.The researchers concluded that â€Å"swift imposition of a sanction of temporary incarceration may deter male offenders in domestic assault cases†¦In short; criminal justice sanctions seem to matter for this offense in this setting with this group of experienced offenders† (Sherman & Berk, 1984, p. 270). Special deterrence was th ought to be operating even for this theoretically unpromising type of crime. The Minneapolis study, in combination with feminist activism and civil suits seeking equal protection of the laws for battered women had an unprecedented impact on police policy.Arrest became the preferred policy for misdemeanor domestic assault cases in most large U. S. police departments and remains the norm. Arrests of men who had committed misdemeanor assaults against their partners moved from a rarity in 1984 when the study was reported to the typical response well before the close of the decade. Ironically the changes in law have also led to dramatic increases in arrests of women, and have created a sense of ambivalence among some feminist criminologists (Chesney-Lind, 2002).While the impact of the Minneapolis experiment, combined with other social forces, was rapid and substantial, a series of six replication studies reflected the complexity of the concept of deterrence. Lively debate was stimulated because the conclusions of the evaluators of these six studies were quite divergent. While some found special deterrent effects of arrest, albeit weaker, others did not. Still others found that arrest increased recidivism among marginal offenders, those who may have felt they had nothing to lose.In Milwaukee, for example, unemployed suspects were more likely to assault their partners again if arrested (Sherman, Schmidt, Rogan, Smith, Gartin, Cohn, Collins & Bacich, 1992). The evidence for deterring the crime of misdemeanor assaults of women in domestic settings is mixed and complex. The consensus seems to be that there is some special deterrent effect, varying by characteristics of the offender. Unfortunately, differences in deterrability by persons, even when clearly understood, complicate the task of policy development.If arrest deters some assaulters, but escalates the violence of others, police policy for responding to these crimes becomes far more difficult to formulate. Policy changes in the area of police responses to woman battering have been one of the most dramatic within criminal justice in recent decades. The policy directive of most U. S. police departments has shifted from one of arrest avoidance for misdemeanor assault of intimate partners, to a presumptive arrest standard. In other words, rather than having to justify an arrest as exceptional, an officer must defend a non-arrest decision when a woman is the victim of a minor assault.The public opinion for these changes is mixed (Brown, 1990). Battered Woman Syndrome: Women who are victims of violence from husbands and live-in male companions increasingly are being brought within the scope of criminological study. Earlier such events were regarded by the male-dominated realm of law enforcement and the equally male-dominated real of social science as private affairs, best left in the shadows. There was a wild myth that women enjoyed being hit, interpreting it as attention, and therefore a sign of caring. Some victims who are beaten may respond with seeming indifference.Women who are beaten, particularly lower-class women may not see themselves as real victims, but merely as suffering the usual lot of a woman. The problem of wife beating did not command the public attention it now receives because of startling increases in such violence, but rather because of a shift in public sentiment. By capitalizing on the expansionist interests in the social work, mental health, and legal professions, and offering a good subject for the media, special interest groups convinced people that there was a problem demanding attention.Hundreds of shelters for battered women that provided an alternative to remaining with abusive males soon were opening (Walker, 2000). Today the battered woman syndrome sometimes is successfully introduced into criminal trials to excuse a woman who killed her husband after being subjected to intense abuse over a considerable period of time. Many men take exceptio n to such acquittals, insisting that the use of lethal force is a disproportionate response; after all assault is not a capital offense. They also may argue that the women could have departed rather than killed.Many women take strong exception to this male position. They insist that the victims of domestic violence lose their self-respect, their judgment, and that they retaliate out of desperation (Chan, 2001). In the past few years, considerable national attention has been given to the issue of how to handle persons who kill spouses or loves, who abuse them. In some states women convicted of killing their husbands after years of abuse have been granted clemency and released from prison. Jurisdictions have differed in their treatment of the battered women syndrome defense.Some courts have refused to admit evidence of the syndrome. Others have admitted it for limited purposes, such as to show the inability of a woman to assist her attorney in her defense (Walker, 2000). Conclusion: I t has been estimated that over 1. 5 million wives in this country are severely beaten by their husbands annually (Strauss, 1992), and such figures may underestimate the number of actual cases. Women in cohabiting relationships are even more likely than wives to be battered, although the reasons for this are not at all clear.Sympathy for battered women may be difficult to come by in light of widespread tendencies to blame the victim for staying with, going back to, or not walking out on an abusive husband or lover. Years of exploration have addressed the question of why abused women stay with abusers. Proposed explanations, none of them entirely satisfactory, have included reference to the victims economic dependency, the victims tendencies to place blame on themselves, not the batterers and a vicious circle of abuse leading to lowered self-esteem on the part of the victim, which in turn leads to greater abuse.But because there is a strong tendency for domestic violence to recur and in some cases to become progressively more severe over time victims must be strongly encouraged to seek professional and or legal assistance at the very first sign that their spouses or lovers are batterers and this is despite any promises, protests, excuses, apologies or vows never to do it again on the part of the batterers. Reference: Brown, S. E. (1990). â€Å"Police responses to wife beating: Five years later†.Journal of Criminal Justice,18, 459-462. Chan, W. (2001). Women, Murder, and Justice. New York: Palgrave. Chesney-Lind, M. (2002). â€Å"Criminalizing victimization: The unintended consequences of pro-arrest polices for girls and women†. Criminology & Public Policy, 1, 81- 90. Sherman , L. W. & Burk, R. A. (1984). â€Å" The specific deterrent effects of arrest for domestic assault†. American Sociological Review, 49, 261-272. Sherman, L. W. , Schmidt, J. D. , Rogan, D.P. , Smith, D. A. , Gartin, P. R. , Cohn, E. G. , Collins, D. J. & Bacich, A. R. (19 92). â€Å"The variable effects of arrest on criminal careers: The Milwaukee Domestic Violence Experiment†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 83, 170-200. Strauss, M. A. (1992). â€Å"Explaining family violence†. In Marriage and Family in a Changing Society, 4th. Ed. New York: Free Press, 344-356. Walker, L. E. A. (2000). The Battered Women Syndrome, 2nd. Ed. New York: Springer